从生物进化的角度看，寄生虫与宿主之间的相互关系是在长期共进化过程中基于种间斗争建立起来的平衡关系，这种平衡关系主要具有免疫学性质，即宿主因寄生虫抗原致敏所产生的免疫应答能产生作用于寄生虫的免疫效应，寄生虫也可产生逃避免疫效应的机制。寄生虫与宿主之间的这种关系分别受各自的基因控制，疟原虫与其宿主也必然如此。
作者单位：第四军医大学病原生物学教研室 西安 710032
[1] Allred DR. Antigenic variation in Babesia bovis: how similar is it to that in Plasmodium falciparum?[J].Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1998, 92(4):461～472.
[2] Hayward RE , Tiwari B, Piper KP, et al. Virulence and transmission success of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum[J]. Proc natl Acad Sci USA, 1999,96(8):4563～4568.
[3] Baruch DI, pasloske BL, Singh HB, et al. Cloning the P. falciparum gene encoding PfEMP1, a malarial variant antigen and adherence receptor on the surface of parasitized human erythrocytes[J]. Cell,1995,82：77～87.
[4] Smith JD, chitnis CE, Craig AG, et al. Switches in expression of Plasmodium falciparum var genes correlate with changes in antigenic and cytoadherent phenotypes of infected erythrocytes[J] Cell, 1995,82：101～110.
[5] Su XZ, heatwole VM, Wertheimer SP, et al. The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes[J].Cell,1995,82：89～100.
[6] Kemp DJ, Thompson J, Barnes DA, et al. A chromosome 9 deletion in Plasmodium falciparum results in loss of cytoadherence[J]. Mem Inst oswaldo Cruz,1992,87Suppl3:85～89.
[7] Rubio JP, Thompson JK, Cowman AF. The var genes of Plasmodium falciparum are located in the subtelomeric region of most chromosomes[J]. EMBO J, 1996 ,15(15):4069～4077.
[8] Hernandez Rivas R, Mattei D, Sterkers Y, et al. Expressed var genes are found in Plasmodium falciparum subtelomeric regions[J]. Mol Cell biol, 1997,17(2):604～611.
[9] Ficher K , Horrocks P, Preuss M, et al. Expression of var genes located within polymorphic subtelomeric domains of Plasmodium falciparum chromosomes[J]. Mol Cell Biol,1997, 17(7):3679～3686.
[10] Thompson JK , Rubio JP, Caruana S, et al. The chromosomal organization of the Plasmodium falciparum var gene family is conserved[J]. mol Biochem Parasitol,1997, 87(1):49～60.
[11] Biggs BA, Gooze L, Wycherley K, et al. Antigenic variation in plasmodium falciparum[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1991,88(20):9171～9174.
[12] Roberts DJ, Craig AG, Berendt AR, et al. Rapid switching to multiple antigenic and adhesive phenotypes in malaria[J]. Nature,1992,357:689～692.
[13] Borst P. Molecular genetics of antigenic variation[J]. Immunol Today, 1991, 12：A29～A33.
[14] Borst P, Bitter w,McCulloch R, et al. Antigenic variation in malaria[J].Cell. 1995, 82（1）：1～4.
[15] Chen Q, Fernandez v, Sundstrom A, et al. Developmental selection of var gene expression in plasmodium falciparum[J]. Nature,1998, 394（6691）：392～395.
[16] Scherf A , hernandez Rivas R, Buffet P, et al. Antigenic variation in malaria: in situ switching, relaxed and mutually exclusive transcription of var genes during intra-erythrocytic development in Plasmodium falciparum[J]. EMBO J,1998,17（18）：5418～5426.
[17] Baruch DI, Gormely jA, Ma C, et al. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 is a parasitized erythrocyte receptor for adherence to CD36, thrombospondin, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996,93（8）：3497～3502.
[18] Reeder JC , Cowman AF, Davern KM, et al. The adhesion of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate A is mediated by P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci uSA, 1999,96(9):5198～5202.
[19] Baruch DI, Ma XC, singh HB, et al. Identification of a region of PfEMP1 that mediates adherence of plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes to CD36: conserved function with variant sequence[J]. Blood,1997,90（9）：3766～3775 .
[20] Smith-JD, Kyes S, Craig AG, et al.Analysis of adhesive domains from the A4VAR Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 identifies a cD36 binding domain[J].Mol Biochem Parasitol,1998,97(1-2):133～148.
[21] Gerold P , schofield L, Blackman MJ, et al. Structural analysis of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of the merozoite surface proteins-1 and -2 of Plasmodium falciparum[J]. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1996,75（2）：131～143.
