2.2 治疗学佐证
自1800年以来就有人用辣椒素(capsaicin)来治疗神经痛、牙痛、关节炎,但直到近十几年,对辣椒素的作用机理才有一个比较完整的认识。辣椒素的镇痛作用总是伴随某些感觉神经SP含量的衰减。各种试验结果表明,无论是内服还是局部注射,辣椒素均与含SP的一级感觉神经终端膜上的某些化合物牢固地结合,产生去极化作用并阻滞复极化,中断感觉神经的某些功能(包括痛觉)。另一方面,辣椒素能抑制神经营养因子向胞体的逆向输送,导致胞体中神经营养因子的减少,中断SP的合成,从而使SP在几小时或几天后逐渐消失。SP在外周除了作为痛的重要递质向中枢传递痛觉外,还引起血管扩张、血浆渗出、平滑肌收缩及腺体分泌,刺激各种炎症介质如组织胺、激肽和前列腺素的释放和聚集,形成神经源性炎症,这种现象被称作传入神经的传出功能。因此,辣椒素还通过选择性拮抗SP而发挥抗炎作用[8]。目前已有人用辣椒素治疗丛集性头痛、带状疱疹后遗神经痛、TN等,并取得了一定的疗效。Sicuteri[9]等通过鼻腔反复使用辣椒素治疗丛集性头痛,可使头痛的发作频率和强度显著减少。Peikert[10]等用0.025%辣椒素霜剂治疗39例慢性带状疱疹后神经痛,疗效为59%。Fusco[11]等用0.05%辣椒素霜剂治疗12例TN患者,总有效率为75%。有人用5-HT受体兴奋剂(sumatriptan)治疗丛集性头痛,可使头痛缓解、颈外静脉血中CGRP含量降至正常水平,其机理是使脑血管和/或硬脑膜上三叉血管系统神经末梢上的5-HT受体兴奋,产生中枢性镇痛作用[8]。
综上所述,三叉神经系统内含有多种神经肽已是毋庸置疑的事实,而且临床观察已经发现与三叉神经有关的疼痛性疾病都有神经肽的参与,针对SP和CGRP的相关治疗也取得了一定的疗效,更进一步肯定了SP、CGRP等在三叉神经系统的疼痛性疾病中的作用。但有关TN与相关神经肽变化的内在联系诸如导致神经肽变化的内因、神经肽变化与TN临床表现之间的关系、各种神经肽是单独发挥作用还是协同作用以及神经肽与其它疼痛递质和调质的关系等还有待于进一步研究。
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